The Journal of International Social Research and National Education, Year 2026 Issue Year: 10 - Number:13

REVIEW OF ACADEMIC STUDIES ON OUT- OF-SCHOOL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE IN PRIMARY EDUCATION BETWEEN 2010-2023

Tekin TAPANŞafak ÖZTÜRK — 2026-04-20

The aim of this research is to examine national research about outdoor school learning environments within the scope of primary school science course between 2010-2023. The method of the research was the document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods. It consists of 54 articles, 15 master's theses and 5 doctoral theses published in different journals on out-of-school learning in the field of Science. The studies were discussed as a result of document analysis review, and the studies were generally carried out with teacher candidates, secondary school students and current teachers, and it has been determined that there are problems and difficulties that arise during education and training in out-of-school learning environments, and the effects of out-of-school learning environments on students' interests, attitudes and learning products have been examined. Apart from these, it has also been observed that the studies on out-of-school learning environments have increased continuously in the last few years, and these studies have increased especially between 2019 and 2020 and the excursions and the nature activities, museums and science centers, and places such as valleys and canyons are used as out-of-school activities.

DIGITAL LITERACY AND THE VIRTUOUS INDIVIDUAL: AN EVALUATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE MAARIF MODEL

Hasan ALTUNTAŞTufan AYTAÇ — 2026-04-20

This study aims to examine the relationship between digital literacy and the development of virtuous individuals within the framework of the "Century of Türkiye" Maarif Model. Employing the phenomenological approach, a qualitative research method, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 9th-grade students studying at a high school in Kırşehir during the 2024–2025 academic year. A total of 20 students participated in the study. The data were analyzed using content and descriptive analysis techniques. Findings indicate that most students demonstrate a high level of digital literacy, show awareness of digital ethics, and define the concept of a virtuous individual through core values such as responsibility, respect, honesty, and moral integrity. Although students generally have a positive opinion of the Maarif Model, they expressed concerns about its implementation and lack of practical clarity. The results reveal that digital literacy not only supports individuals' access to accurate information but also plays a critical role in fostering ethical reasoning and social responsibility. In this context, it is emphasized that educational systems should adopt a holistic approach that integrates not only cognitive development but also affective, social, and moral dimensions of learning. The study also shows that while students are aware of digital citizenship and ethical principles, the transfer of this awareness into behavior remains a challenge. Therefore, it is recommended that curricula should include topics such as digital ethics, combating cyberbullying, fact-checking strategies, and ethical leadership. The research contributes to the literature by highlighting how the Maarif Model can support the formation of a competent and virtuous human profile suitable for the demands of the digital age.

AN INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS' MORAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS IN TERMS OF VARIOUS VARIABLES

Selahattin YAKUT — 2026-04-20

Moral intelligence, defined as the conscious choice of what is most appropriate and beneficial at individual and societal levels, is considered a significant competency possessing the potential to produce solutions to various problems encountered in human life. In this context, it is considered one of the fundamental problem areas in which the effectiveness of moral intelligence can be evaluated in helping high school students navigate adolescence—a period characterized by identity crises, social adaptation, and social status—and in reducing the risk of their emotional and psychological vulnerabilities evolving into trauma. In this context, our research, which aims to contribute to the development of high school students' competencies in overcoming the characteristic problems of their developmental period and managing this process healthily, was designed to determine the general moral intelligence levels of high school students and to reveal the influence of variables that influence moral intelligence. In this study, conducted within the framework of a survey model, data were collected online from 418 high school students using a "Personal Information Form" and the "Yakut Moral Intelligence Scale." The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 for frequency, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were applied because the survey data did not exhibit a normal distribution. The level of significance was accepted as p<0.05, and the analyses revealed that the sample's general moral intelligence levels were above average; that variables such as gender, economic status, life satisfaction, future optimism, and purpose of social media use led to statistically significant differences in moral intelligence; and that the difference created by leisure time preferences was not significant.

CHALLENGES FACED BY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS

Yusuf KARAKAŞİdris ŞAHİN — 2026-04-20

This study aims to examine school administrators' perceptions of the problems they encounter and to determine whether these perceptions differ according to the variables of school size (number of students) and administrative role (principal/vice principal). The research was conducted during the 2024-2025 academic year with administrators working in public high schools in the districts of Buca, Gaziemir, Karabağlar, Güzelbahçe, and Konak in the province of İzmir, including one science high school, one social science high school, one sports high school, one fine art high school, 36 Anatolian high schools, 30 vocational high schools, and eight imam hatip high schools. Data for the study was collected from a total of 306 individuals, including 60 school principals and 246 assistant principals. The School Management Problem Screening Inventory was used to collect data. In the analyses performed on the collected data, since the assumptions of normal distribution and equal variance were met for the scale total and subscales, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied according to the student number variable, and the independent samples t-test was applied according to the task variable. The analyses revealed significant differences in the scale total score based on student number for problems related to management, climate, students, and school building. However, no significant differences were found in the teacher-related problems dimension or in any dimension based on the task variable. The findings indicate that as the number of students increases, administrators' perceptions of problems related to management, climate, students, and school building also increase. It has been observed that the increase in school size leads administrators to perceive the problems they face as more pronounced and intense. The study provides important information for understanding the nature and intensity of the problems faced by school administrators and for improving management practices.

IMAM SHAFI'I'S POSITION/ATTITUDE TOWARDS ABDULLAH IBN MAS'UD'S IJTIHADS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF al-Um: HİS VİEWS ADOPTED IN THE EXAMPLE OF TRANSACTIONS

Muhammed Hüseyin KILIÇ — 2026-04-20

The importance of the subject we are dealing with has been realized by touching upon the points that will raise awareness by observing the evidence used by two scholars who are the source of two different schools of thought in their debate with each other and how delicately they wrote their views knot by knot. Initially, Abdullah ibn Mas’ud identified approximately eighty opinions in his work, al-Um. An attempt was made to verify whether these views were maintained by later Hanafi scholars using primary sources. Later, it became clear that such a large number of opinions and views needed to be presented more carefully and using more sources than in a seminar, so it was deemed appropriate to determine the density of the topics. As a result of this classification, it was observed that worship and transactions were intensively discussed, and therefore, the idea of addressing the views on these matters arose. Since it was observed that there were some accepted and some not accepted views at the beginning of the topic: the views of Abdullah ibn Mas’ud, which were and were not accepted by Imam Shafi’i.

During our work, we had the blessing of reading, even if only a little, the works that constitute the tradition. The refinement of the style used since the beginning, the strength of the evidence, and their efforts to achieve the most perfect and most comfortable results for people by utilizing all the possibilities of the Arabic language do not go unnoticed. Their admirable work, which continues to this day and aims to represent a bright future for the Ummah, will be remembered fondly until the Day of Judgment.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF TRADITIONAL MASONRY HOUSES IN THE VILLAGES OF SIVASLI DISTRICT OF UŞAK PROVINCE

Feyza AYDIN ÇOLAKOĞLUNur URFALIOĞLU — 2026-04-20

Natural stone is one of the oldest local building materials used by humans in construction due to its adaptability to the climate of the areas where it is located, its ease of access, durability, and affordability. Throughout history, stone has been a frequently preferred material for traditional housing construction in many provinces, districts, and rural settlements. Natural stone reserves and massifs are found throughout Anatolia. Uşak, where the study was conducted, is a city connecting the Aegean and Central Anatolia regions and is located within the Menderes Massif, a region of marble deposits in Western Anatolia. An examination of the rural settlements in the province, located at the transition point between geographical regions, revealed that traditional houses were constructed using different building materials and techniques. This difference is believed to stem from physical factors such as geography, climate, and local materials, as well as sociological factors such as lifestyle and socio-economic characteristics.

Based on a literature review and fieldwork, the traditional masonry houses of the villages of Cinoğlu, Eldeniz, and Hanoğlu, all located in the Sivaslı district of Uşak, southeast of the city of Uşak, were selected as the subject of this study. Marble, a distinct formation of the Menderes Massif, is found in the area encompassing three neighboring villages and their surroundings. This special stone was used as a building material in the construction of these traditional houses. The aim of this study is to reveal the architectural characteristics of the masonry houses in the villages of Cinoğlu, Eldeniz, and Hanoğlu, all located in the Sivaslı district of Uşak province, and to contribute to the literature. Fieldwork was conducted in the villages at various dates, and houses were examined in detail using photographic documentation, on-site observations, and measurements. The traditional masonry houses were evaluated in terms of construction materials, plan schemes, and façade elements.

ECO-POLITICS AND DIGITALIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS: THE CASE OF THE TEMA FOUNDATION

Gazanfer KAYAAziz ŞEKER ,Ali Ekber GÜLERSOY — 2026-04-20

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), recognized as an important element of democracy, social participation, social development, and political participation, carry out significant activities in the environmental field, as they do in many other areas. As environmental problems continue to increase, it is known that non-governmental organizations in particular plan various environment-themed activities. These plans enable environmental non-governmental organizations to play a functional role in determining and implementing environmental policies. Indeed, this functionality can guide eco-politics. On the other hand, environmental non-governmental organizations frequently use digital technology and social media tools to be more effective today. The contribution of the digitalization process to non-governmental organizations is analyzed in this study through the Turkey Foundation for Combating Erosion, Reforestation, and Protection of Natural Resources (TEMA), which has been active in the environmental field for over 30 years. By looking at the history of environmental civil society organizations and touching upon environmentalism in Turkey, this study examines TEMA’s activities within the framework of eco-politics. Highlighting the extent to which the TEMA Foundation has embraced the digitalization process, this study shows that the use of digital tools by non-governmental organizations has the potential to yield much more beneficial results in terms of shaping eco-politics. Based on this, it can be said that environmental non-governmental organizations will be able to keep channels of social participation open by influencing wider audiences using modern communication and information technologies in areas such as environmental protection, climate change, desertification, air pollution, conservation of natural resources, and the promotion of public policies in ecological terms. In this way, they will contribute to the development of participatory democracy as well as to the institutionalization of eco-politics in Turkey and around the world.

PEDAGOGICAL, TEACHING, AND PERSONNEL STRUCTURE OF THE MUSUL DARÜLMUALLIMÎN IN THE OTTOMAN PROVINCES (1884–1918

Adnan GÜLER — 2026-04-20

This article focuses on the role of the Musul Darülmuallimîn (Teacher Training School) in shaping the teacher cadres assigned to provincial rüşdiye schools in the late Ottoman Empire. In doing so, it pays particular attention to the structure of the school’s teaching staff and administrative personnel. The teaching profession in the Ottoman context originally grew out of the madrasa tradition. However, as modern schools spread across the empire, the shortage of qualified teachers became more apparent and Darülmuallimîn schools were set up in an attempt to remedy this problem. The idea of opening a Darülmuallimîn in Musul emerged in 1884 (H.1302), and the institution began operating around 1887–1888 (H.1305). Drawing on archival documents from the Ottoman Ministry of Education and provincial authorities (MF.MKT., MF.İBT., İ.DH., DH.UMVM., ŞD, etc.) as well as summary registers, the study analyses in detail the positions of head teachers (muallim-i evvel), assistant teachers (muallim-i sânî and sâlis), specialist teachers in calligraphy, music and physical education, itinerant (seyyar) teachers, and administrative staff such as clerks. The findings indicate that by the early twentieth century the staff structure of the Musul Darülmuallimîn had expanded numerically and become increasingly specialised. Fluctuations in student numbers and chronic financial constraints occasionally threatened institutional continuity; nevertheless, salary regulations, student stipends and the itinerant teacher system were used to supply qualified teachers to primary and rüşdiye schools in Musul and its surroundings. From this perspective, the Musul Darülmuallimîn can be seen as one of the key provincial teacher training centres in which the institutional and professional foundations of rüşdiye teacher cadres were formed.

BAĞLAMA TIMBRE AND PEDAGOGY: A REVIEW OF YUSUF BENLI'S “BAĞLAMA ICRASINDA TINI ESTETIĞI METODU (BITEM)”

İsmail GÜNGÖR — 2026-04-20

Book Information Author: Yusuf Benli Title: Bağlama İcrasında Tını Estetiği Metodu (BİTEM) Publisher: Pan Yayıncılık Place and Year of Publication: İstanbul, 2024